Mead & Judaism

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Dan McFeeley

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Not intending to turn this into a religious discussion however...

The ancient Hebrews cultivated vinyards and made wine from it. The first Biblical record of wine is in the book of Genesis. It's not necessarily a happy reference and mentions that Noah grew a vinyard, got drunk from the wine and ultimately cursed one of his sons for having seen him naked.

Honey is repeatedly referenced throught the Bible and was obviously a very rich blessing to the Israelites. There are repeated references to the land of Israel as the "land flowing with milk and honey"

Honey throughout these texts is referred to as a food which was eaten. I do not doubt that they knew of the fermentation of honey, I do find it interesting that it is never mentioned.

Hope no one minds, but since this looked like a separate topic, I thought I'd throw it into a new thread.

This is really a good question, and one that hasn't gotten much attention. The late Roger Morse in his publications on mead briefly mentions the sacramental use of mead in Judaism, or the problems in making a kosher mead when kosher law did not recognize the use of yeast, but there's not much more than that.

I think Morse had "sacramental" confused with "kosher." To the best of my knowledge, mead is not used in Jewish liturgy. It does play a part in the Passover celebrations, from what little I've been able to find on the 'net on this subject, however, this would have been during the family gatherings and not part of the worship service itself. Mead does show up in Jewish folklore, more specifically, Ashkenaz Judaism, the Judaism of Eastern Europe. Here, mead as an important part of the culture of Eastern Europe became assimilated into the general culture of the Jewish people.

I've found online versions of the Jewish Talmud and done searches, but there does not seem to be any mention of mead. Honey is given discussion, and there was a honey wine of sorts but not a true mead, i.e., fermented from honey. Mead lore seems to have entered Jewish culture through the culture of Eastern Europe.
 
From my research I also found the addition of yeast was not known to the ancient Jews, and thus is not a kosher addition to wines. Obviously they were quite fond of the sweetening attributes of honey as they both traded in it and John the Baptist lived off of honey and locusts. Ref:
Ezekiel 27:17
Judah, and the land of Israel, they were thy merchants: they traded in thy market wheat of Minnith, and Pannag, and honey, and oil, and balm.

Matthew 3:4
And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey.

You would think that they must have added it to their wine to cover up any bad fermentation flavors but I believe it was too valuable at the time to use to make mead when grapes were so plentiful. Possibly they made pyment but no official documentation could be found to support it. For that they would need no yeast except that naturally found on the skins of the grapes..

Joe
 
A story from Jewish folk lore -- unfortunately, I haven't been able to find the source:



One time, at a farbrengen (gathering) where the Chasidim were sitting and drinking mead (a sweet honey wine that used to be very popular), a Chasid named Reb Moshe told the following story:

"Many years ago," he began, "while visiting Vienna, I sent my servant to a nearby Jewish inn to buy a bottle of mead. When he came back I discovered that it was the most delicious mead that I had ever tasted. In fact, it was so good that I immediately sent him back to buy some more. I gave him enough money for ten bottles, figuring that my family and I would enjoy it for a long time to come.

"But my servant came back empty-handed. I took out a few more coins from my pocket, but he shook his head. 'It isn't the money,' he told me. 'There just isn't any more to be had.'

"I decided to go see for myself. When I entered the inn, I saw a large crowd of people who had apparently just finished eating a festive meal. I approached the innkeeper and asked him to sell me some of his delicious honey wine.

" 'I'm sorry, but there isn't even a drop left of that particular type,' he said. 'Well, when do you expect to get more?' I persisted. 'Quite frankly, never!' " The innkeeper then told me the following:

Many years before he had been a mohel, a ritual circumciser. From the very beginning of his holy work he had set himself one cardinal rule: that he would never refuse a request perform make a brit mila (circumcision), no matter how difficult the circumstances.

One year on the day before Yom Kippur, a Jewish farmer had knocked on his door and asked him to circumcise his eight-day-old son. The farmer lived quite a distance away - six parasangs - and it was the day before Yom Kippur. Nonetheless, the mohel agreed to conduct the brit.

When they stepped outside the mohel realized that the farmer was too poor to have hired a carriage; neither was the mohel himself a man of means. There was no choice but to walk the whole distance. The farmer started out in the direction of his house, but he was walking so quickly that the mohel soon lagged behind. Eventually the farmer disappeared behind a bend in the road.

Hours later the mohel arrived in town and asked some neighbors where the family with the new baby lived. When he walked into the house he found the mother lying in bed with the infant. She was so weakened that she could barely respond. The father, however, was nowhere to be seen. For some reason he hadn't thought it important to attend his own son's brit.

The mohel now faced a serious problem: Who would serve as sandek to hold the baby during the ritual procedure? Time was of the essence; it was the eighth day of the infant's life, and he needed to be entered into the covenant of Abraham immediately. But without a sandek it would be very dangerous. Indeed, the mohel had never attempted such a thing before.

The mohel walked outside hoping to find someone on the street he could ask. For a long time he waited, but the street was deserted. Suddenly, he spotted an old beggar coming around the corner. "I'm in a big hurry," the man replied impatiently when the mohel asked for his assistance. "Today is Yom Kippur eve, and I can collect a whole ruble going door to door if I get to the city in time."

Desperate by then, the mohel promised to pay him a ruble if he would only serve as sandek. The beggar agreed, and the brit mila was conducted without incident. The mohel then left for the long walk back to the city.

After praying the afternoon service the mohel went home for the final meal before the fast, and was astonished to see the very same beggar waiting on his doorstep. He quickly paid him the ruble he had promised, but the beggar also demanded a drink of mead. The mohel was very tired by then and in no mood for entertaining. Nevertheless, but he invited him inside and poured the drink. But even that wasn't enough for the strange old man: he insisted that the mohel join him in a glass of mead, and that they wish each other a good and sweet new year. With no alternative, the mohel complied.

"Tell me, is there any more of this wine left in the barrel?" the annoying stranger persisted. "Very little," the mohel answered, "only a few more drops." "There will always be mead in this barrel," the beggar then pronounced cryptically, "until the last blessing is recited at your youngest son's wedding celebration." The beggar then pointed to the mohel's son sleeping in his cradle.

"The blessing was fulfilled in its entirety," the innkeeper concluded his tale. "There is no explanation other than that the old man was Elijah the Prophet. With my seemingly endless supply of mead I opened this inn, and completely forgot about the rest of his prediction. That is, until today, when the barrel suddenly fell and broke into pieces as we were reciting the Grace After Meals at my youngest son's wedding. And that is why I am telling you that there will never be any more of this particular batch of mead..."
 
It was common practice in Greece, Etruria, Gaulia Cesalpina and Rome to sweeten wine with honey, especially lower grade wine. So by extension it seems reasonable to expect that the Jewish peoples would have been exposed to the practice, and may have emulated it within their own society.

Here's an interesting link to some information on the wine from the ancient Israelites:

http://www.stratsplace.com/rogov/israel/history_of_wine.html

Oskaar
 
As an Orthodox Jew and a new forum member, I hope to clarify some of the topics brought up on this thread. This will look familiar to Dan, for we have had some private correspondence about this (and have his permission to mention it).

Mead is not used in Jewish religious ritual. Grape wine or juice is. To bless the Sabbath, the new week, and festivals, it is required to bless the Creator of the fruit of the vine (not of the hive :)) Back in the Ukraine, my great-grandmother used to make mead for Passover but not for ritual use, that is she wanted to provide family and guests with a nice tipple that was leaven-free, a requirement for being Passover-kosher. I do wonder how she managed to get it to ferment without yeast of some sort, for all yeast is prohibited for Passover use; in any case she and her family were very poor people who probably couldn't afford yeast of any description. My grandmother told my Dad that the honey drink was called Med and tasted "like sweet beer", so I assume it was a very young, hopped mead created for short-term consumption.

Yeast is kosher. I'm sure that people were familiar with some form of it long before Biblical times and that Jews were also making sourdough starters and brewing beer and wine with specific yeasts. In any case, today's yeast are subject to the same laws of kashrut (kosher-ness) as any other food. I buy Red Star Premier Cuivee and Pasteur Red yeasts for wine-making and using them for mead as well, for they carry the kosher "seal of approval" which assures of a safely kosher product. They are the ONLY wine yeasts available here as far as I know, although a variety of bread yeasts are available. I made Joe's Ancient Orange Melomel with a tablespoon of the locally-made moist yeast cake and it's taking off very nicely.

I have some doubts as to the accuracy of translations from the Hebrew. Mistakes are perpetrated throughout the centuries, after all. So although far from an expert, I venture the theory that the "locusts and honey" which were the staples of John the Baptist's diet were carobs, which have been translated as "locust" into English more than once, and perhaps dates rather than bee's honey. The Talmud calls dates "honey" in several places, although again, bee's honey was certainly well known and used since ancient times. The Talmudic name for dates, dvash, is used for bee's honey today. Back to locusts for a moment - flying insects are not kosher, with the exception of certain grasshoppers. I am not educated enough to say if John the Baptist would have held by the laws of kashrut or not.

We have lost the tradition that teaches which grasshoppers are kosher, although I've heard it said that Yemenite Jewry still has that tradition. Could well be; their Hebrew is so pure and close to the original ancient language that some opinions say Yemenite pronunciation should be adopted when speaking Hebrew.

Daniel Rogov does not cite his sources for the theories he forwards on the quality of ancient Israelite wines. I would like to see them. However I agree that what he says about modern Israeli wines is accurate.

Miriam
 
How does the wine ferment without the addition of yeast (in reference to the kosher law)? What is added to produce fermentation?
 
Shamrock said:
How does the wine ferment without the addition of yeast (in reference to the kosher law)? What is added to produce fermentation?

Wine grapes have wild yeasts adhering to the skin of the fruit. Our present day wine yeasts were originally cultivated from areas where specific strains were indigenous to the vineyards.
 
Looks like there's a shooting war developing over this now very controversial issue of "wild yeast" and there are wine experts wading into the frey from both sides of the issue.

Seems as though there is always something controversial in the world of wine, and using wild yeast is no exception.

Here's a link to a very interesting article that presents some very great information.

http://www.honeycreek.us/wildyeast.html

Cheers,

Oskaar
 
Oskaar said:
Looks like there's a shooting war developing over this now very controversial issue of "wild yeast" and there are wine experts wading into the frey from both sides of the issue.

Seems as though there is always something controversial in the world of wine, and using wild yeast is no exception.

Haven't had a chance to check out your link yet, but I've read a similar article recently. I'm all for controversy. Glad to see some folks turning back to more ancient ways. Will be interested to sample some of these "wild" wines in the years to come and see if they live up to similar standards as their domesticated brethren! :)

Kirk
 
Well,

Turning back to ancient ways is fine as long as you're looking for an accurate period replication. Our vineyards and wild yeasts here in the USA are very far behind those in Europe by an order of magnitude. Natural ways are fine as long as you have a reliable yeast and honey/grape source that yield consistant results year after year.

S. cerevisiae is not the predominant yeast in wild amalgums of yeast found both in the field and cellar. Also there is mounting (and I'm really saying that in a very conservative sense) evidence that the effects of wild yeast are not discernable after a few months of bottle or bulk aging. UC Davis, along with several wineries have conducted blind tastings (of which I have attended more than ten and less than twenty here in SoCal) along several divergent groups of trained and untrained palates. The wild yeast products have never won. That is discussed in the article. At the same time you have winemakers who swear by the method. Personally, I have tasted swill, and ambrosia that has originated from wild yeasts. I have to say that for me, early on the wild yeasts are very strong (in a good and complex way) but they definately fade with time.

I invest way too much money in honey each year to chance a screw-up with wild yeast. Plus, I don't want the yeast floating about here in SoCal in my wines/meads. I'll inoculate with my own yeast and grow the wine from the juice as best I can. I get consistant results, and they are great in my opinion. Ask Brian what he thought of my Zinfandel at the mead slosh in Riverside a couple of weeks back.

Bear in mind that my only real manipulation of the wine is the initial inoculation with the yeast that I want, and racking about two to three times in the first week. I also add oak to the primary in the form of oak cubes.

It's great to go for period or natural fermentations, but be aware that you are gambling when you do so. You can hit the hard-ways on long odds, or crap out. Based on what I'm seeing and reading, the latter is more common than the former if you do not have a controlled vineyard/cellar/field.

Cheers,

Oskaar
 
Oskaar said:
Bear in mind that my only real manipulation of the wine is the initial inoculation with the yeast that I want, and racking about two to three times in the first week. I also add oak to the primary in the form of oak cubes.

Why rack so often with wine? Do you rack your meads or Pyments this often too?

Wrathwilde
 
My wines have a lot of skins, stems, seeds etc in them so I want to move my wine off of that so I only get trace amounts of tannin from the stems and seeds. Plus there is plenty of dust and debris along with it. It also aerates the must and allows me to check the brix levels, acid and pH and make necessary adjustments. Generally I don't make adjustments unless there has been a huge pH crash, or the VA is high.

Pyments and such I don't rack around like that since I'm mostly just using juice.

Cheers,

Oskaar
 
Oskaar said:
Generally I don't make adjustments unless there has been a huge pH crash, or the VA is high.

You measure VA? What analytical method are you using to measure it?
 
Identical samples, measure TA on each. Boil one to reduce volume to one-third of the other, adjust with distilled water, measure TA in that sample and subtract the reduced sample total from the original sample total. Acetic acid is driven off pretty easily by boiling, and while there are more exact ways, this is quick and easy for home.

Cheers,

Oskaar